Door Alignment

The part of the door jamb where your closers attached (the part ripped out at the top and bottom) is not easily replaceable. You have a prehung door unit, where the side jamb is stapled to the sill on bottom and the head jamb on top. Removing just the side of the jamb would make the entire door wiggley and loose and you would surely shorten the life of the door as a result. Your best bet is to repair the damaged areas of your jamb with a wood epoxy, like Minwax wood filler. Areas of wood that have blown out and are loose should probably be removed, unless you can glue and nail them back together tightly. Areas where the screws have been yanked out can first be repaired by drilling them out larger, and glue hardwood dowels in place. Then after the glue is dry, cut them off flush and sand them down. Wood filler can be applied in several thin coats, which you will need to sand down until you get a perfect surface. Any screws you reinstall, it would be good to first predrill them with the appropriate sized drill bit.